There is nothing worse than watching aperfectly good newborn pig waste away due to scouring.
目睹出生不久(jiu)的仔猪（体况非常棒）由于腹(fu)泻而死亡可(ke)谓是最令(ling)人可(ke)惜(xi)的事(shi)了。
There are two main reasons that pigs scour.They are; lack of immunityand challenge to the immune system.
仔猪腹泻主要有两大原因，即：免疫力不足及免疫(yi)系(xi)统出(chu)现(xian)了问题。
Immunization;
免(mian)疫；
A pig is born with an immature immune system. The piglet relies on passive immunity from colostrum. Passive immunity helps protect against virus and helps build active immunization until the active piglet immunity kicks in and takes over.
仔(zi)猪与生俱来的免(mian)疫(yi)系统是不成熟的。仔(zi)猪主要依赖于(yu)来自初乳(ru)的被(bei)(bei)动免(mian)疫(yi)力(li)。被(bei)(bei)动免(mian)疫(yi)可以帮助仔(zi)猪低于(yu)病毒侵袭(xi)，并有(you)助于(yu)在仔(zi)猪体内(nei)形成主动免(mian)疫(yi)性(xing)，直到其占据主导地位。
Table #1
In Table #2 we recognize the different groups of organisms that are likely to enter the piglet. The piglet must have antibodies ether through passive immunity coming from colostrum or active antibodies produced by the piglet. In the first 2 weeks the piglet has no active antibodies. All the antibodies come from colostrum. Without the proper immunoglobins in the colostrum the piglet can still get scours. The sow must have exposure to these organisms through vaccines or backfeeding during gestation to make sure the immunoglobins are in the milk. Especially the organisms in groups A and B. Organisms in groups C and D need immunoglobins that will come through vaccines to the piglet itself and are developed by the piglet. Some antibodies do carry on into group C from passive immunity.
表2给出了一些可能进(jin)入(ru)仔(zi)猪(zhu)体(ti)内(nei)的(de)(de)微生(sheng)物。来(lai)(lai)自初乳的(de)(de)被动免疫(yi)力或仔(zi)猪(zhu)产生(sheng)的(de)(de)主(zhu)动抗体(ti)是仔(zi)猪(zhu)拥有(you)抗体(ti)的(de)(de)必(bi)要条件。仔(zi)猪(zhu)出生(sheng)后的(de)(de)前两周是没有(you)主(zhu)动抗体(ti)的(de)(de)，此时所有(you)抗体(ti)均来(lai)(lai)自初乳。如果初乳内(nei)没有(you)合适的(de)(de)免疫(yi)球蛋白(bai)(bai)，仔(zi)猪(zhu)依然会(hui)腹泻。母猪(zhu)必(bi)须要通过疫(yi)苗来(lai)(lai)接触这些微生(sheng)物或在妊娠期间反(fan)饲以确保(bao)乳汁中含有(you)免疫(yi)球蛋白(bai)(bai)。C组和(he)D组中的(de)微生物需要将会通过疫苗进入仔猪(zhu)体内的(de)免(mian)(mian)疫球蛋白以及仔猪(zhu)产生的(de)免(mian)(mian)疫球蛋白。一些(xie)抗(kang)体可(ke)以通过被动免(mian)(mian)疫进入C组(zu)。
Table #2
表2
Group A：E. coli, Clostridium Perfringens, Staphylococcus hyicus
Group B： Coccidia,Streptococcus suis types 1 and 7
Group C：Rotavirus,Streptococcus suis types 2 and 14, APP, AD (PR), PRRS, EP,Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, toxigenic P.multocida, Enteroviruses.
Group D：Parvovirus,Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Leptospira Bratislava
The message is to develop antibodies through the colostrum orthrough vaccines.
A组：大肠(chang)杆菌(jun)、产(chan)气荚膜梭菌(jun)、猪葡萄球菌(jun)
B组：球虫、1型(xing)和7型猪链球菌
C组：轮状病毒、2型和14型猪(zhu)链球菌(jun)、传(chuan)染性(xing)(xing)胸膜性(xing)(xing)肺炎、伪狂犬、蓝耳、地方性(xing)(xing)肺炎、猪(zhu)肺炎支(zhi)原体、志(zhi)贺氏痢疾杆(gan)菌(jun)、毒(du)性(xing)(xing)多杀性(xing)(xing)巴(ba)氏杆(gan)菌(jun)和肠道病毒(du)。
D组(zu)：细小病毒、猪肺炎支(zhi)原体(ti)、钩端(duan)螺旋体(ti)
本(ben)条信息主要用于通过初乳或疫苗形成抗体。
Challengeto the immune system.
免(mian)疫系统问题
Challenge overrides the immune system in many ways. The 5 main are: (social, environmental, metabolic,immunological and due to human handling).
免(mian)疫系统(tong)会在(zai)很(hen)多(duo)方面遭遇(yu)到问题(ti)。主要包括(kuo)五大(da)方面：猪群、环境(jing)、新陈代谢、免(mian)疫学以及人(ren)为原因(yin)。
The most common are;
最常见(jian)的包括：
Massive exposure toorganisms. Bacterialor Virus load will over whelm the piglet to fight off infection. This occurs when the pen is dirty, sow is dirty, water is contaminated or if the sow is shedding organisms in hermanure. These can all be avoided byproper preparation before parturition. Sows are moved into farrowing 3 to 5 days before parturition. The vulva area, the floor behind her and herudder can be scrubbed each day up until she farrows. Use a long-handled brush and a Virkonsolution.
接触(chu)大量微生物。进(jin)入(ru)猪(zhu)(zhu)只体内的细菌或(huo)病毒会使仔猪(zhu)(zhu)抵抗疾病侵袭的能(neng)力大大减弱(ruo)。这种情(qing)况(kuang)多(duo)见于(yu)猪(zhu)(zhu)舍较脏、母(mu)猪(zhu)(zhu)较脏、水污染(ran)或(huo)母(mu)猪(zhu)(zhu)在粪便中(zhong)排(pai)出微生物(wu)。分(fen)娩(mian)(mian)前准备工作到(dao)位可以避(bi)免这些(xie)情(qing)况(kuang)。母(mu)猪(zhu)(zhu)要在分(fen)娩(mian)(mian)前3-5天上产床(chuang)。在母猪分娩前工作人员要每天擦拭(shi)母猪外阴、身后的地面以及乳(ru)房。建议使用(yong)长柄刷以及卫可(ke)溶液。
Poor environmental conditions. This occurs when basicventilation, heating, humidity and cooling needs for the sow and the piglet arenot followed. Thepiglet needs temperatures of 29C to 32C. With ventilation rates of 2 to 25 cfm’s. the sow needs temperature of 18C and cfm’s of 20 to 500. Both chilling and drafting piglets can causestress relating to suppression of the immune system in the piglets allowing fororganisms to override the antibodies.
环(huan)境状(zhuang)况(kuang)较差。该情(qing)况(kuang)多(duo)见于(yu)母(mu)猪(zhu)及(ji)仔猪(zhu)所(suo)需(xu)的基础(chu)通风、保暖、湿(shi)度和降温(wen)等条件不(bu)到(dao)位。仔猪(zhu)所(suo)需(xu)温(wen)度介于(yu)29℃到32℃之间，而通风率(lv)需要达到2-25cfm（立方英尺/每分钟）。母猪所(suo)需理想温度(du)为18℃，通风率(lv)需达20-500 cfm。温(wen)度太低及贼风都会造成仔猪出(chu)现(xian)同免疫抑制相关的应激，从(cong)而为微生物越(yue)过抗体(ti)而入侵提供可乘之机。
通风(feng)Ventilation, cfm/hd
Insufficient nutrients： quality of milk or not enough colostrum in the first 24 hours. Piglets stomach is damaged by scours andcannot digest nutrients.
营养(yang)不良：仔猪刚(gang)出生(sheng)24小时内吃(chi)不到足够(gou)初(chu)乳或(huo)乳汁质量较差。腹泻会对(dui)仔猪肠(chang)胃造成损(sun)伤并(bing)导致无法吸收(shou)营养。
Too long in birthing process. The stress of parturitionis also a contributing factor in supressing the immune system. This can cause stress by affecting the energyof the piglet.
产(chan)程(cheng)过长。分娩(mian)应(ying)激在一(yi)定程度上(shang)也会(hui)抑制免(mian)疫系统，主要通过消耗仔猪能量而造成应(ying)激。
Weaning and mixing pigs. The pig behavior at weaningand during grouping of pigs causes fighting, competition for feed and water,hierarchy of group.
断奶及混群。仔猪断奶(nai)时的行为以及混群(qun)会造成打斗、争抢饲料和水以及猪群(qun)中出(chu)现等(deng)级划(hua)分。
Bleeding out of the umbilical cord at birth. Tie the umbilical cord off by just putting a simple knot in it or if it is too short use string.
出(chu)生时脐带出(chu)血. 只需简(jian)单地将仔猪脐带(dai)打个结(jie)即可，如(ru)果脐带(dai)太短可以用(yong)线(xian)来绑(bang)。
Immune system is supressed by other diseases in the sow or the piglet. Such as PRRS.
免(mian)疫系(xi)统(tong)因母猪或仔猪所患疾病而受到抑制，例如蓝耳（猪繁殖与呼吸综合征）。
Birthweights. Piglets with birth weight under 1000 gramshave a hard time getting to the udder and have very low energy reserves tocombat cold or invasive organisms. Feed more the last 3 weeks in gestation. Hand feed these pigs in the first few days to make sure they get colostrum and enough milk.
出生(sheng)重。出生时体重低于1千克的仔(zi)猪(zhu)会很难到达母(mu)猪(zhu)乳房位置，体(ti)内能量储(chu)备也不足以御寒或抵御微(wei)生物入侵。母(mu)猪(zhu)妊娠期的最后3周要(yao)提高饲喂(wei)量(liang)。针对这些(xie)仔猪，在刚出(chu)生(sheng)前几天要(yao)人为喂(wei)奶以确(que)保它们可以吃到(dao)初乳(ru)并摄入(ru)足够(gou)乳(ru)汁。
Diet. Nutrients and ingredientsaffect metabolism and digestibility. Also some ingredients can cause irritated bowl syndrome.
日粮。饲料(liao)营(ying)养(yang)和(he)成分都会(hui)影响(xiang)猪(zhu)只(zhi)新陈代谢和(he)消化能力。而(er)且一些成分会(hui)导致肠道易激综合症。
作(zuo)者：Lorne Tannas ，Alberta Technology Consultancy (Shanghai)Co. Ltd
艾(ai)伯塔(ta)技术咨询（上海）有限公司
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