Do these pants make me look fat?
穿(chuan)这条(tiao)裤子(zi)会不会让我显胖？
Obviously, there is never a rightanswer. It tends to get me in troubleeven if I do answer.
很明显，这(zhei)个(ge)问题(ti)不(bu)会有正确答(da)案。就算(suan)我回答(da)了也会惹上麻烦(fan)。
What is the proper Backfat for a sow? This is one of my most frequent askedquestions. Fifteen years ago, I had theopportunity to work on a 3-year project studying this question. I have always been reluctant to answer thisquestion because in general a sow can perform normally with a large range ofbackfat as this project had found out. In differing levels of backfat she will require differing levels ofmanagement. Fifteen years later the sowis now weaning what we had at that time as total born. This has made the question of backfat in sowsmore acute today. You can never be rightin answering this question, but you can see certain levels that are moremanageable.
母(mu)猪理想的背(bei)膘应该是多少？这是人(ren)们向我(wo)咨询(xun)最多(duo)的问题之一。十五年前我恰(qia)好在(zai)一个为期3年的(de)(de)项(xiang)(xiang)目中工作，专(zhuan)门(men)研究了这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)问(wen)题。正(zheng)如该(gai)项(xiang)(xiang)目研究结果(guo)所示(shi)，一(yi)(yi)般来说(shuo)，一(yi)(yi)头母猪的(de)(de)背膘往往涵盖较大范(fan)围，因此我并不是很愿意(yi)回答这(zhei)一(yi)(yi)问(wen)题。在不同的(de)(de)背膘水平(ping)上，母猪需要不同层级的(de)(de)管理。15年(nian)后，目前(qian)这些母猪断奶数已经达(da)到了当年(nian)的总产仔(zi)数之多。这就使得当今母猪背膘(biao)问题(ti)更加严峻(jun)。尽(jin)管(guan)这一(yi)问题(ti)永(yong)远没有正(zheng)确(que)答案(an)，但(dan)的确(que)可以在一(yi)定程度上加强(qiang)把控。
Generally, sows perform poorly when backfatis taken to extremes. Sows that are toolean have fertility problems related to metabolizing muscle instead of fatduring the last 3 weeks of gestation when fetus growth is the greatest andduring lactation where the demand for protein (milk) is very great. Overly fat sows tend not to eat duringlactationand milk offtheir backs (fat reserves). This resulted in excess weight loss, poor subsequent litter size andlong wean to service interval. Sows thatgain and lose excess of weight during the sow interval will also have a shorterlife span in the herd. Too skinny sowsmay just not breed back.
一(yi)般来(lai)(lai)说，如(ru)果(guo)背(bei)(bei)膘到达(da)某个极端，母(mu)(mu)(mu)猪的(de)(de)表现(xian)往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)会(hui)比较(jiao)差。太(tai)瘦的(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)(mu)猪在怀孕的(de)(de)最后三(san)周(zhou)所遇到的(de)(de)生(sheng)育(yu)问题往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)与肌(ji)肉代谢相(xiang)关，而(er)不是脂(zhi)肪，而(er)此(ci)时的(de)(de)胎儿(er)生(sheng)长(zhang)程度(du)(du)达(da)到最大，而(er)在哺乳(ru)(ru)期(qi)间亦是如(ru)此(ci)，此(ci)时蛋白质(zhi)（满(man)足产奶所需(xu)）需(xu)求(qiu)非常高(gao)。整体较(jiao)胖的(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)(mu)猪在哺乳(ru)(ru)期(qi)往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)吃(chi)得较(jiao)少，而(er)依靠消耗(hao)背(bei)(bei)膘（脂(zhi)肪储备）来(lai)(lai)哺乳(ru)(ru)。这就会(hui)造成(cheng)失重过度(du)(du)、后续窝(wo)产仔数(shu)较(jiao)低以及(ji)断奶到配(pei)种间隔延长(zhang)。如(ru)果(guo)母(mu)(mu)(mu)猪在生(sheng)产间隔期(qi)间增重及(ji)失重过度(du)(du)，其(qi)在猪群中的(de)(de)寿命也往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)较(jiao)短。太(tai)瘦的(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)(mu)猪可能无法再次配(pei)种。
So, whatis the right level of backfat? The rightlevel of backfat is where the sow performs normally without excess loss ofweight during lactation, weans a good litter, breeds back well and stays in theherd for a long time, with the minimum amount of management.
那么(me)背膘的(de)理(li)(li)想水(shui)平是多(duo)少呢？在理(li)(li)想的(de)背膘水(shui)平下，母猪(zhu)表现较(jiao)为正常，在哺乳期间不会损失过(guo)多(duo)体重，断奶(nai)数量较(jiao)多(duo)，配种表现良(liang)好而且可以在猪(zhu)群(qun)中生存较(jiao)长时(shi)间，与此同时(shi)对管理(li)(li)的(de)需求最低。
Backfat is more important in the first 2parities than it is in older sows that have a greater feed intake and largerbody mass to draw from. Therefore, Iwill focus on the gilt and its development as a best practice.
比起(qi)大(da)龄母(mu)猪(zhu)，背膘对于头两胎(tai)的母(mu)猪(zhu)来说更为重要(yao)，要(yao)知道(dao)大(da)龄母(mu)猪(zhu)采食(shi)量更大(da)，而消耗的体重也更大(da)。因此我会重点关(guan)注后备猪(zhu)及其(qi)发育，这是绝(jue)佳的切(qie)入点。
Maternal gilts should follow a strictgenetic program. The emphasis on Backfatin maternal gilts should be minimal. Maternalgilts at 100 Kgs. should be around 12mm to 14mm at 100 Kgs. Maternal gilts at breeding should be 14mm to16mm. Maternal gilts at farrowing shouldbe 20mm to 24 mm. Anything outside thisis acceptable but will require greater management. I would tend to be fatter with maternal giltsthan leaner. Backfat has a 40%hereditability and therefore a lean carcass should be focused on the Terminalsire rather than on the Maternal side. Backfat in maternal gilts is interdependent of backfat, age and weightof the maternal gilt. Charts 1,2 and 3look at these three important interdependent factors.
母系(xi)后(hou)备(bei)猪(zhu)应该(gai)执行(xing)严(yan)格的基因程式。不应该(gai)太过重视母系(xi)后(hou)备(bei)猪(zhu)的背膘问题。100公斤(jin)的母系后(hou)备(bei)猪背膘厚度应该大(da)约在(zai)12-14毫米(mi)左右。配种时的母(mu)系后备猪背膘应达到(dao)14-16毫(hao)米。分(fen)娩时(shi)的母(mu)系后备猪背膘要(yao)达到20-24毫米。如果实(shi)际情况超过这(zhei)一范围也是可以接受的(de)，但需要加强管理。就我(wo)个人而(er)言(yan)，我(wo)更希望母(mu)系(xi)后备猪胖一些。背膘的(de)可遗传性(xing)为40%，因此要想提高胴体瘦肉率应重(zhong)点关注父系，而不是母系。母系后备猪的背膘同其日(ri)龄(ling)、体重(zhong)息(xi)息(xi)相关。你可以(yi)通过表(biao)1、2、3更好(hao)地了解(jie)这三(san)项要(yao)素的(de)相关(guan)性。
Here is a chart that gives an idea of where the backfat (in Millimeters) in maternalgilts should range at farrowing. At breeding shift the chart 4mm to the left. Ideal at breeding from 16mm to 20mm.
下表展示了母系(xi)后备猪在(zai)分娩时背膘的理想范围(wei)（单位：毫米）。配种时则将该(gai)表数据整(zheng)体左移(yi)4毫米。配种时(shi)理想(xiang)背膘为16-20毫(hao)米。
Stop using back fat for milk duringlactation. The modern sow has 30 % morepigs to wean and weaning 15% heavier piglets. Overall milk for this modern litter requires feed not back fat to getresults.
哺乳期停(ting)止依靠(kao)消耗背膘(biao)来(lai)产奶(nai)。同过去相(xiang)比(bi)，当代(dai)母猪断(duan)奶(nai)仔猪数已(yi)增加了30%，断奶时(shi)仔(zi)猪体重整体增(zeng)加(jia)了15%。现如今(jin)，母猪哺乳更依赖的是饲料，而不是背膘。
The second part of this is total bodymass. Maternal gilts weight is also animportant part of this. Weight inKilograms at breeding.
第二部分表示的是总体(ti)重(zhong)。母系(xi)后备猪体(ti)重(zhong)也是重(zhong)要(yao)的一部分。配种(zhong)时体(ti)重(zhong)情(qing)况单位是公斤。
The third component is age. Age in days from birth at breeding.
第三(san)大要素是(shi)日(ri)龄。日(ri)龄为配种时(shi)已出生天数(shu)。
Here is a look at 5 purebred farms I followin China. We want to focus on FarmG. Where they are weaning 13 pigs persow over the last 10 weeks, (12.5 for all last 2 years), with all three breeds Yorkshire, Landrace andDuroc). It in contrast to the otherfarms, farm G places a great deal of effort in Gilt develop and gilt udderdevelopment. They focus on getting allthree components in developing the gilt. The gilt is given 14 pigs to milk. Because she has adequate backfat, age and weight she is able to milk forthe full term 14 pigs. Management ofthis gilt is the simplest. The pre-weanmortality is less than 5%. Farm H andFarm G have differing strategies. WhereFarm H puts more pigs on older sows and places less emphasis on giltdevelopment. Remember your paritydistribution. The largest group isalways your parity 1 sows. Farm Gemphasis gilt udder development. Thishas a great affect in subsequent parities and longevity in the herd.
下面是(shi)我在(zai)中(zhong)国研究的5家纯种场(chang)相关情况。我们关注的重点(dian)是G场。过(guo)去10周，该(gai)场每(mei)头母猪(zhu)可(ke)断(duan)奶13头仔猪，（过去(qu)两年都(dou)是(shi)12.5），大(da)白、长白和杜(du)洛克这三大(da)品系都是如此。同其他场相比，G场在后备(bei)(bei)猪(zhu)培育(yu)以(yi)及后备(bei)(bei)猪(zhu)乳(ru)房发育(yu)方面下了很(hen)大功夫(fu)。他们在培育(yu)后备(bei)(bei)猪(zhu)时(shi)重点关注(zhu)这三大要(yao)素(su)。有一头(tou)后备(bei)(bei)猪(zhu)要(yao)为14头(tou)仔猪哺乳，因为她的背(bei)膘、日龄(ling)和体重(zhong)都达标，允许在整个(ge)哺乳期哺乳14头仔(zi)猪。这头后(hou)备(bei)猪的管理(li)是最简(jian)单的。断奶前死亡率不到5%。H场和G场采用的方(fang)案截然(ran)不同。H场会让(rang)日龄较大的后备猪(zhu)带更多仔猪(zhu)，而对后备猪(zhu)培育(yu)则不是很重视。要铭记胎次分布。1胎母猪的(de)窝产(chan)子数是最高的(de)。G场(chang)很(hen)重视后(hou)备猪乳房发育(yu)。这对猪群后(hou)续胎次和(he)寿命都有很(hen)大影响(xiang)。
Summary
总结
Backfat is very subjective. There is a range of acceptable levels. Some levels are more manageable thanothers. Backfat in maternal gilts isinterdependent of age and weight. Maternalgilts require a greater need for backfat management. Managing Backfat, age and weight of the maternalgilt will help to maximize her ability to milk and have longevity in the herd.After parity 3 the range is much broader. Look at farms with best results and adapt the best practices to yourfarm. Rely on feed intake and nutrientlevels in lactation feed to get milk production. Do not expect to get results from the sowsbackfat. I don’t even measure backfatanymore but focus rather on feed intake.
背膘(biao)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)项非常(chang)主观的(de)(de)标尺，有(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)接受(shou)范围。一(yi)(yi)些(xie)背膘(biao)水平(ping)(ping)下(xia)的(de)(de)母(mu)猪(zhu)(zhu)比其他猪(zhu)(zhu)更好管理。母(mu)系后(hou)(hou)备(bei)猪(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)背膘(biao)同日龄和体(ti)重(zhong)有(you)很大相关(guan)性。母(mu)系后(hou)(hou)备(bei)猪(zhu)(zhu)对背膘(biao)管理的(de)(de)需求更高。管理母(mu)系后(hou)(hou)备(bei)猪(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)背膘(biao)、日龄和体(ti)重(zhong)有(you)助于最(zui)大程度提高其哺乳能力以(yi)及延长在猪(zhu)(zhu)群中的(de)(de)寿(shou)命(ming)。三(san)胎后(hou)(hou)范围更广。你可(ke)(ke)以(yi)学习成(cheng)果最(zui)显著(zhu)的(de)(de)猪(zhu)(zhu)场并在自己的(de)(de)猪(zhu)(zhu)场运用这些(xie)最(zui)佳(jia)实践方式。为保(bao)证产奶(nai)量(liang)，哺乳期间(jian)采食量(liang)和饲料营养水平(ping)(ping)是(shi)(shi)关(guan)键。不要指(zhi)望母(mu)猪(zhu)(zhu)通(tong)过消耗背膘(biao)来(lai)产奶(nai)。我甚(shen)至已不再测量(liang)背膘(biao)，而是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)点关(guan)注采食情(qing)况。
注(zhu)：表内第一(yi)行：批次号。
第二行(xing)从左至(zhi)右：栋舍、母(mu)猪(zhu)数(shu)量(liang)、背膘低于18毫米(mi)母猪数(shu)量、背(bei)膘(biao)在18-24毫米(mi)之间母猪数量、背膘超(chao)过(guo)24毫米母猪数(shu)量
There is no such thing as fat sows anymorein hyper prolific sows. Only 8.3% areover 24 mm BF. 45% are under 18mm. These all fall in the manageable to difficultto manage range. Only 56.7% areideal. Natural variation is normal.
对于(yu)产子(zi)数超高的母(mu)猪，脂肪(fang)问(wen)题已(yi)不在(zai)考(kao)虑范畴(chou)内。只有(you)8.3%的母猪背膘(biao)超过24毫米，而18毫(hao)米(mi)以下占比达(da)到了45%。这(zhei)些母(mu)猪(zhu)全部在“可(ke)管(guan)理(li)”到(dao)“难(nan)以管(guan)理(li)”区间范(fan)围内。只有56.7%的母(mu)猪是(shi)理想的。自(zi)然变异情况正常(chang)。
Natural Variation:
自然变异(yi)：
Here isa look at 44 YY gilts in a herd that were Adjusted to 100 Kgs and the backfatwas Adjusted to that 100 Kgs weight. At 100 Kgs they were from 127 to 139 days of age. The natural variation of these gilts Back Fatwas from 8.2 mm to 16.9 mm. These pigsbeing on full feed until they were taken off test and probed to get their truenatural body metabolism of Back Fat. Noticethe wide range. The same naturalvariation would be expected at breeding and at farrowing. The average at 100 Kgs is 12.7 but note thewide variation from that average. Youcannot use back fat as a true measure of a gilt as an average. Unless you use its own off test Backfat todetermine where her breeding and farrowing Back fat will be.
下面我(wo)们看(kan)一下猪(zhu)群中44头YY后备猪的情(qing)况，它们体(ti)重调整为100公斤(jin)，而背膘也是按照100公(gong)斤体重调整的。这些猪在127-139天时达到了100公(gong)斤。这些后备(bei)猪的自然(ran)变异中，背(bei)膘范围(wei)是8.2-16.9毫米。这些猪在试验结束(shu)前一直是自由(you)采食，试验人员检测了背膘真实的自然代(dai)谢(xie)情况。注意，区间范围很大。配种和分(fen)娩时的自然变异应该是一样的。100公斤(jin)层级(ji)上平均背膘是12.7毫米，但注意变异距离平均值范(fan)围较大。背膘不能作为按(an)平均情况衡量(liang)后备猪(zhu)的标尺，除非你使用(yong)未经检验的背膘来判断配种(zhong)时(shi)和(he)分娩时(shi)背膘预计值。
Backfat is just anumber, it doesn’t identify performance just the level of management to get herto perform.
背膘只(zhi)是(shi)一个数字(zi)，不(bu)能用来判断猪只(zhi)性能，只(zhi)有相应水平的(de)管理(li)才可以(yi)影响猪只(zhi)表(biao)现(xian)。
Alberta Technology Consultancy(Shanghai) Co. Ltd
Lorne and Vicki Tannas: Swine Production Specialists and Nucleus Support
作者：Lorne和Vicki Tannas:养猪专(zhuan)家(jia)，为核心场提(ti)供专业支持
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